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ENT
OSSICLES  There are three small bones in the middle ear.These are malleus ,incus and stapes. Stapes is perhaps the smallest bone in the human body.These conduct sound from tympanic membrane to the inner ear.Any disease causing fixation or disruption of this chain will produce hearing loss which can be judged by tunic fork tests qualitatively and pure tone audiometry (hearing test) quantitatively. A tympanogam can differentiate between osscicular chain disruption and fixation. Both the conditions can be surgically corrected. |
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ENT - oral ulcers
ORAL ULCERS  
Oral ulcers are a very common problem. They are painful as well as restrict us from doing one of our favourite timepass known as eating. There can be many causes of oral ulcers but the commonest is vitamin B deficiency.The common oral ulcer known is the aphthous ulcer. In addition to vitamin B deficiency , emotional disturbances also act as a powerful causative agent. Thats why they are common in females thats too during their menstruation. The patient fells pain while swallowing. Other causes are injury to oral mucosa as in cheek bite and viral diseases like herpes etc. Oral ulcers are also seen with autoimmune disorders. To treat the patients one has to give vitamin B complex and local gels containing choline and salysalic acid. |
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ENT - Tympanic membrane
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE  
Tympanic membrane commonly known as drum separates the external ear from the middle ear. It is pearly white in color and is semitranslucent. There are some landmarks on the tympanic membrane which are - Handle of malleus which slants in posterior direction.
Cone of light which gets reflected in anteroinferior quadrant.
Umbo - the most prominent part of tympanic membrane
Anterior and postrrior malleolar folds - above these the tympanic membrane is called Pars Flaccida or sharpnell's membrane and below these is called pars tensa.
Long process of incus and incudo-stapedial joint.
Anterior process of malleus.
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ENT
HEARING IMPAIRMENT (CONDUCTIVE)   In children glue ear or secretory otitis media is a leading problem which causes conductive hearing loss.The main condition which lead to secretory otitis media is a nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue called adenoids. This tissue either cause mechanical blockade of Eustachian tubes causing decrease in middle ear pressure levels resulting in negative middle ear pressure and thus fluid in middle ear. Secondly adenoids become a continuous source of infection resulting in eustachian tube congestion and blockade causing recurrent acute otitis media and with inadequate treatment it ends in secretory otitis media. |
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ENT-conductive hearing loss-secretory otitis media
  The child will have decrease in hearing,irritation in the ears and earache sometimes. The main complaint comes from the teacher who reports that the child is inattentive in class or parents observe that the child listens the television at a higher level.On eamination there can be retraction of tympanic membrane or bubbles of fluid can be seen through it.The diagnosis can be made with pure tone audiometry (hearing test) and impedence audiometry (tympanogram).Treatment can be ....... details at---www.ent-ear-nose-throat.blogspot.com |
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ENT Fracture of nose
FRACTURE OF THE NOSE   Nasal bones are one of the commonest bones to get fractured because of their outward prominent position making them to become more prone to trauma due to accidents and fights. Secondly these bones are thin and easily broken. After nasal fracture, the patient usually bleeds from the nose. Swelling appears early and there can be black eye. Nose is tender to touch and on palpating the nose, a crackling sound can be heard. Bridge of nose can be depressed or deviated to one side. |
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ENT
PAIN IN THE EAR-ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA  Acute otitis media can occur in any age group but is more common in children.Most of the kids below the age of four years suffer atleast once from severe pain in the ear especially during the night time. This is an acute condition. The child becomes irritable in initial stages and as the stage progresses, feels severe pain in the ear and starts crying. If the child is sleeping, he get up crying. |
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ENT
HEARING IMPAIRMENT  There can be a number of causes of decreased hearing causing conductive deafness. Conductive deafness means decreased hearing due to impairment in conduction of sound from external auditory canal to inner ear. |
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Perforation of Tympanic Membrane/drum
PERFORATION OF DRUM  Perforation or hole of the ear drum (tympanic membrane) is a common problem. The cause of this problem can be injury from outside by inserting pins,match sticks etc during self cleaning of the ear or scratching the ear and blast injury due to slap on the ear, bomb blasts or blasts due to crackers. |
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FURUNCLE OR BOIL IN THE NOSE
BOIL IN NOSE (FURUNCLE)  Boil also known as furuncle of the nose is a fairly common condition.The main cause is nose picking causing infection of the the hair follicle of the nasal vestibule. This is common in dry climate where the secretions of the nose get dried up and cause irritation in the nose forcing the person to introduce finger in the nose to remove the crust. The skin over that area becomes painful and swelling starts appearing over the area which spreads very fast.The patient can have fever also.The area over the tip of nose and central part of upper lip is called dangerous area of the face as infection from this area can spread to the brain (cavernous sinus) causing fatal complications. So never press or squeeze a boil over this area or you will land yourself in grave trouble.Give plenty of hot fomentation and take appropriate antibiotics and anti inflammatory drugs. Local application of antibiotic cream is also effective. With this treatment the recovery takes place in a couple of days. This disease is not to be taken lightly and early medical help is always rewarding and advocated. |
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